The Japan Rail Pass isn't automatically worth it anymore

Since the 2023 price increase, the nationwide JR Pass only pays off if you're covering a lot of ground, and a simple Tokyo–Kyoto–Osaka trip usually costs less with individual shinkansen tickets. Before buying, add up your actual train legs on a fare site and compare. Regional passes (Kansai, Hokkaido, Kyushu) are often the better deal, and they can be bought after you arrive.